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- HOST(1) HOST(1)
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- NNAAMMEE
- host - look up host names using domain server
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- SSYYNNOOPPSSIISS
- host [-l] [-v] [-w] [-r] [-d] [-t querytype] [-a] host [
- server ]
-
- DDEESSCCRRIIPPTTIIOONN
- _H_o_s_t looks for information about Internet hosts. It gets
- this information from a set of interconnected servers that
- are spread across the country. By default, it simply con-
- verts between host names and Internet addresses. However
- with the -t or -a options, it can be used to find all of
- the information about this host that is maintained by the
- domain server.
-
- The arguments can be either host names or host numbers.
- The program first attempts to interpret them as host num-
- bers. If this fails, it will treat them as host names. A
- host number consists of first decimal numbers separated by
- dots, e.g. 128.6.4.194 A host name consists of names sepa-
- rated by dots, e.g. topaz.rutgers.edu. Unless the name
- ends in a dot, the local domain is automatically tacked on
- the end. Thus a Rutgers user can say "host topaz", and it
- will actually look up "topaz.rutgers.edu". If this fails,
- the name is tried unchanged (in this case, "topaz"). This
- same convention is used for mail and other network utili-
- ties. The actual suffix to tack on the end is obtained by
- looking at the results of a "hostname" call, and using
- everything starting at the first dot. (See below for a
- description of how to customize the host name lookup.)
-
- The first argument is the host name you want to look up.
- If this is a number, an "inverse query" is done, i.e. the
- domain system looks in a separate set of databases used to
- convert numbers to names.
-
- The second argument is optional. It allows you to specify
- a particular server to query. If you don't specify this
- argument, the default server (normally the local machine)
- is used.
-
- If a name is specified, you may see output of three dif-
- ferent kinds. Here is an example that shows all of them:
- % host sun4
- sun4.rutgers.edu is a nickname for ATHOS.RUTGERS.EDU
- ATHOS.RUTGERS.EDU has address 128.6.5.46
- ATHOS.RUTGERS.EDU has address 128.6.4.4
- ATHOS.RUTGERS.EDU mail is handled by ARAMIS.RUTGERS.EDU
- The user has typed the command "host sun4". The first
- line indicates that the name "sun4.rutgers.edu" is actu-
- ally a nickname. The official host name is
- "ATHOS.RUTGERS.EDU'. The next two lines show the address.
- If a system has more than one network interface, there
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- will be a separate address for each. The last line indi-
- cates that ATHOS.RUTGERS.EDU does not receive its own
- mail. Mail for it is taken by ARAMIS.RUTGERS.EDU. There
- may be more than one such line, since some systems have
- more than one other system that will handle mail for them.
- Technically, every system that can receive mail is sup-
- posed to have an entry of this kind. If the system
- receives its own mail, there should be an entry the men-
- tions the system itself, for example "XXX mail is handled
- by XXX". However many systems that receive their own mail
- do not bother to mention that fact. If a system has a
- "mail is handled by" entry, but no address, this indicates
- that it is not really part of the Internet, but a system
- that is on the network will forward mail to it. Systems
- on Usenet, Bitnet, and a number of other networks have
- entries of this kind.
-
- There are a number of options that can be used before the
- host name. Most of these options are meaningful only to
- the staff who have to maintain the domain database.
-
- The option -w causes host to wait forever for a response.
- Normally it will time out after around a minute.
-
- The option -v causes printout to be in a "verbose" format.
- This is the official domain master file format, which is
- documented in the man page for "named". Without this
- option, output still follows this format in general terms,
- but some attempt is made to make it more intelligible to
- normal users. Without -v, "a", "mx", and "cname" records
- are written out as "has address", "mail is handled by",
- and "is a nickname for", and TTL and class fields are not
- shown.
-
- The option -r causes recursion to be turned off in the
- request. This means that the name server will return only
- data it has in its own database. It will not ask other
- servers for more information.
-
- The option -d turns on debugging. Network transactions
- are shown in detail.
-
- The option -t allows you to specify a particular type of
- information to be looked up. The arguments are defined in
- the man page for "named". Currently supported types are
- a, ns, md, mf, cname, soa, mb, mg, mr, null, wks, ptr,
- hinfo, minfo, mx, uinfo, uid, gid, unspec, and the wild-
- card, which may be written as either "any" or "*". Types
- must be given in lower case. Note that the default is to
- look first for "a", and then "mx", except that if the ver-
- bose option is turned on, the default is only "a".
-
- The option -a (for "all") is equivalent to "-v -t any".
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- The option -l causes a listing of a complete domain. E.g.
- host -l rutgers.edu
- will give a listing of all hosts in the rutgers.edu
- domain. The -t option is used to filter what information
- is presented, as you would expect. The default is address
- information, which also include PTR and NS records. The
- command
- host -l -v -t any rutgers.edu
- will give a complete download of the zone data for rut-
- gers.edu, in the official master file format. (However
- the SOA record is listed twice, for arcane reasons.)
- NOTE: -l is implemented by doing a complete zone transfer
- and then filtering out the information the you have asked
- for. This command should be used only if it is absolutely
- necessary.
-
- CCUUSSTTOOMMIIZZIINNGG HHOOSSTT NNAAMMEE LLOOOOKKUUPP
- In general, if the name supplied by the user does not have
- any dots in it, a default domain is appended to the end.
- This domain can be defined in /etc/resolv.conf, but is
- normally derived by taking the local hostname after its
- first dot. The user can override this, and specify a dif-
- ferent default domain, using the environment variable
- _L_O_C_A_L_D_O_M_A_I_N. In addition, the user can supply his own
- abbreviations for host names. They should be in a file
- consisting of one line per abbreviation. Each line con-
- tains an abbreviation, a space, and then the full host
- name. This file must be pointed to by an environment
- variable _H_O_S_T_A_L_I_A_S_E_S, which is the name of the file.
-
- SSeeee AAllssoo
- named (8)
-
- BBUUGGSS
- Unexpected effects can happen when you type a name that is
- not part of the local domain. Please always keep in mind
- the fact that the local domain name is tacked onto the end
- of every name, unless it ends in a dot. Only if this
- fails is the name used unchanged.
-
- The -l option only tries the first name server listed for
- the domain that you have requested. If this server is
- dead, you may need to specify a server manually. E.g. to
- get a listing of foo.edu, you could try "host -t ns
- foo.edu" to get a list of all the name servers for
- foo.edu, and then try "host -l foo.edu xxx" for all xxx on
- the list of name servers, until you find one that works.
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